![]() 1b) and, when combined with individual genetics, will shape the outcomes of space travel on the human system 1, 2. This “space exposome” is a unifying framework that reflects the interaction of all the environmental impacts on the human body (Fig. Crews do not experience these stressors independently, so it is important to also consider their combined impact on human physiology and performance. 1a) that must be adequately characterized and sufficiently mitigated. Each of these threats is associated with its own set of physiological and performance risks to the crew (Fig. The major health hazards of spaceflight include higher levels of damaging radiation, altered gravity fields, long periods of isolation and confinement, a closed and potentially hostile living environment, and the stress associated with being a long distance from mother Earth. These are large challenges that are further amplified as exploration campaigns extend to greater distances into our solar system and for longer durations. Ensuring the overall safety of the crew-their physical and mental health and well-being-are vital for mission success. Spaceflight is a dangerous and demanding endeavor with unique hazards and technical challenges. The aim is to inform the development of studies and projects with high potential for generating both new knowledge and technologies to assist with mitigating multisystem risks to crew health during exploratory missions. ![]() In this review, we provide a primer on these “red” risks for the research community. Evaluation of the hazards and risks in terms of the space exposome-the total sum of spaceflight and lifetime exposures and how they relate to genetics and determine the whole-body outcome-will provide a comprehensive picture of risk profiles for individual astronauts. ![]() These include: (1) space radiation health effects of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and cognitive decrements (2) Spaceflight-Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome (3) behavioral health and performance decrements, and (4) inadequate food and nutrition. The risks ranked as “red” have the highest priority based on both the likelihood of occurrence and the severity of their impact on human health, performance in mission, and long-term quality of life. The programmatic goal is to develop the tools and technologies to adequately mitigate, control, or accept these risks. These hazards-space radiation, altered gravity fields, isolation and confinement, closed environments, and distance from Earth-are linked with over 30 human health risks as documented by NASA’s Human Research Program. To ensure success of these missions, health and performance risks associated with the unique hazards of spaceflight must be adequately controlled. This station will be a launch point for voyages to destinations further away in our solar system, including journeys to the red planet Mars. NASA’s plans for space exploration include a return to the Moon to stay-boots back on the lunar surface with an orbital outpost.
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